Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire-Short Form

Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire-Short FormAnn Skinner2023-03-10T15:55:41-04:00

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Description

The child version of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection/Control Questionnaire-Short Form (PARQ/Control-SF) was used to measure the frequency of perceived mother and father parenting behaviors. Children rated items for each parent on a modified scale: 1 = never or almost never, 2 = once a month, 3 = once a week, or 4 = every day. We used the total acceptance-rejection scale, which is computed as the sum of 8 warmth-affection (reversed), 6 hostility-aggression, 4 rejection, and 6 neglect-indifference items (high score = more rejection). A score of 24 indicates highest acceptance and lowest rejection, and a score of 96 indicates highest rejection and lowest acceptance. In a meta-analysis of the reliability of the PARQ using data from 51 studies in 8 countries, Khaleque and Rohner (2002) concluded that internal consistency (α) reliabilities exceeded .70 in all groups, effect sizes were homogenous across groups, and convergent and discriminant validity were demonstrated.

Reference(s)

Rohner, R. P. (2005). Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection (4th ed.).Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications.

Publication(s)

Alampay, L. P., Anonas, M. R.L . (2015). The moderating role of parental warmth on the relation between verbal punishment and child problem behaviors for same-sex and cross-sex parent-child groups. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 48, 115-152.

Bombi, A. S., Di Norcia, A., Di Giunta, L., Pastorelli, C., & Lansford, J. E. (2015). Parenting practices and child misbehavior: A mixed method study of Italian mothers and children. Parenting: Science and Practice, 15, 207–228.

Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., Lansford, J. E., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Zelli, A., & Alampay, L. P. (2017). “Mixed blessings”: Parental religiousness, parenting, and child adjustment in global perspective. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58, 880-892.

Deater-Deckard, K., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Alampay, L. P., Sorbring, E., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L. M. U., Zelli, A., & Al-Hassan, S. M. (2011). The association between parental warmth and control in thirteen cultural groups. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 790-794.

Gassman-Pines, A. & Skinner, A.T. (2018). Psychological acculturation and parenting behaviors in mexican-immigrant families. Journal of Family Issues. DOI: 10.1177/0192513X16687001.

Gurdal, S., Lansford, J. E., & Sorbring, E. (2016). Parental perceptions of children´s agency: Parental warmth, school achievement and adjustment. Early Child Development and Care, 186, 1203-1211.

Jager, J., Mahler, A., An, D., Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Skinner, A. T., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2016). Early adolescents’ unique perspectives of maternal and paternal rejection: Examining their across-dyad generalizability and relations with adjustment one year later. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45, 2108-2124.

Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J., Alampay, L. P., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Zelli, A., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., & Tapanya, S. (2016). Mothers’, fathers’, and children’s perceptions of parents’ expectations about children’s family obligations in nine countries. International Journal of Psychology.

Lansford, J. E., Godwin, J., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapanya, S., Alampay, L. P., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Al-Hassan, S. M., & Bacchini, D. (2017). Reward sensitivity, impulse control, and social cognition as mediators of the link between childhood family adversity and externalizing behavior in eight countries. Development and Psychopathology, 29, 1675-1688.

Lansford, J.E., Godwin, J.G., Uribe Tirado, L.M., Zelli, A., Al-Hassan, S.M., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A.S., Bornstein, M.H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K.A., Malone, P.S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A.T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Alampay, L.P. (2015). Individual, Family, and Culture Level Contributions to Child Physical Abuse and Neglect: A Longitudinal Study in Nine Countries. Development and Psychopathology. 26(03), 561-573.

Oburu, P. O. (2011). Attributions and attitudes of mothers and fathers in Kenya. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11, 152-162.

Pastorelli, C., Lansford, J. E., Luengo Kanacri, B. P., Malone, P. S., Di Giunta, L., Bacchini, D., Bombi, A. S., Zelli, A., Miranda, M. C., Bornstein, M. H., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Oburu, P., Skinner, A. T. and Sorbring, E. (2016), Positive parenting and children’s prosocial behavior in eight countries. J Child Psychol Psychiatr, 57: 824–834. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12477

Putnick, D. L., Bornstein, M. H., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Gurdal, S., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Tapanya, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Zelli, A., Alampay, L. P., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., & Bombi, A. S. (2012). Agreement in mother and father acceptance-rejection, warmth, and hostility/rejection/neglect of children across nine countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 46, 191–223.

Rothenberg, W. A., Lansford, J. E., Al-Hassan, S. M., Bacchini, D., Bornstein, M. H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K. A., Malone, P. S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A. T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapany, S., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Yotanyamaneewong, S., & Alampay, L. P. (2020). Examining effects of parent warmth and control on internalizing behavior clusters from age 8 to 12 in 12 cultural groups in nine countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(4), 436-446.

Rothenberg, W.A., Lansford, J.E., Bornstein, M.H., Chang, L., Deater-Deckard, K., Di Giunta, L., Dodge, K.A., Malone, P.S., Oburu, P., Pastorelli, C., Skinner, A.T., Sorbring, E., Steinberg, L., Tapanya, S., Tirado, L.M.U., Yotanyamaneewong, S., Alampay, L.P., Al-Hassan, S.M., & Bacchini, D. (2020). Effects of parent warmth and behavioral control on adolescent externalizing and internalizing trajectories across cultures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(4), 835-855. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12566

Wave(s) Used

Parent: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Youth: 1, 2, 3, 5, 7

Measure PDF

Permission for use of these copyrighted measures should be requested by contacting Rohner Research Publications at rohner@uconn.edu.